Pushing the Glass Ceiling - 1840 Words

Women have been pushing at the glass ceiling for years, but have yet to shatter it. The glass ceiling has prevented women from reaching their highest potential in the work force. The inequality between men and women has been prevalent because of unfair stereotypes and the idea that women are unfit leaders. Ann Morrison describes the glass ceiling as a barrier â€Å"so subtle that it is transparent, yet so strong that it prevents women from moving up the corporate hierarchy†(Empowering Women). It is often wondered if this glass ceiling will ever break. Based off of the slow progression of equality among men and women in the workforce, I believe that the glass ceiling will shatter in the near future. The Glass ceiling is defined as â€Å"an intangible barrier within a hierarchy that prevents women or minorities from obtaining upper-level positions†(Merriam Webster). The expression â€Å"the glass ceiling† was created by the Wall Street Journal in 1986 and then Ann Morrison made it more popular in 1987 by using it in a title of an academic article. The article was called â€Å"Breaking the Glass Ceiling: Can Women Reach the Top of America’s Largest Corporations?† and it was about the continuous failure of women to make it to the top of the corporate ladder (The Economist). The term became widely known and used by women everywhere to explain their struggle in fighting for equality in the work force. Why is there a glass ceiling in the first place? The glass ceiling exists because there isShow MoreRelatedGender Inequality863 Words   |  4 Pagesalways more protected and is restricted and closely supervised; the boy however has more expected of him. In growing up, both males and females have a mindset of what is to be expected from their families and in life. Even though many marriages are pushing towards equality, men to a certain extent exercise greater power within the family. Many women who take on the roles of being a wife an d mother often take care of household chores, cleaning, ironing, cooking, and caring for other household membersRead MoreSandberg on the Difference between Men and Women in the Workplace1403 Words   |  6 PagesTime Magazine article called â€Å"The Case for Staying Home† and referred to successful moms in business who gave it all up in order to raise their children. These are the forces in our society working against womens workplace goals and subsequently pushing them out and back to the home. These forces could range from limited childcare options, cultural expectations about parenthood, and the desire to relieve stress for their families and for themselves (Cobble, 2007). Whatever the reason may be it’sRead MoreThe Movie I Had Was Released By Disney1618 Words   |  7 Pagesthat the glass ceiling still exist. It is teaching the audience that men will still remain on top no matter how hard you work and are determined for it. It taught little boys that they had to want to be something adventurous or brave like a chef and it taught little girls that even when you work hard and have determination it is not enough. This movie is teaching children about the glass ceiling before they’re even old enough to understand the concept of what it truly means. It is pushing the imageRead MoreA Interview With A Medical Director Of The Spatium Borough Hospital1244 Words   |  5 Pagesemergency room entrance, she suddenly saw the five-story main hospital wing looming through the fog at the end of Cypress Tree Lane. Automatic sliding glass doors at the entrance led straight into the spacious hospital lobby. To her surprise, a red and brown lava rock totem pole, in a blue tiled circular pond, soared up to the glass cathedral ceiling. On closer inspection of the totem pole, she saw bright green butterflies at the base, angelic white doves in the middle and a tan giraffe with darkRead MoreEthical Analysis of the Glass Ceiling4707 Words   |  19 Pa gesEthical Analysis of The Glass Ceiling Justin Halferty Dallas Baptist University Introduction Throughout the span of American history is can be said with confidence that the roles of genders have played a huge role in both the success and downfall of this great nation. From the rural up brings of the Puritans to the successful businessmen and women, politicians, and leaders that have propelled the Untied States to becoming a super power and force to be reckonedRead MoreThe And Of The United States1420 Words   |  6 Pagesemergency room entrance, she suddenly saw the five-story main hospital wing looming through the fog at the end of Cypress Tree Lane. Automatic sliding glass doors at the entrance led straight into the spacious hospital lobby. To her surprise, a red and brown lava rock totem pole, in a blue tiled circular pond, soared up to the glass cathedral ceiling. On closer inspection of the totem pole, she saw bright green butterflies at the base, angelic white doves in the middle and a tan giraffe with darkRead MoreGlass Ceiling and the Effects on Women3053 Words   |  13 Pagesissues that stem from the â€Å"glass ceilings† that still exist today in Corporate America. The term â€Å"glass ceiling† refers to situations where the advancement of a qualified person within the hierarchy of an organization is stopped at a lower level because of some form of discrimination. The metaphor can be simply defined as â€Å"an invisible or transparent barrier that keeps an individual from rising above a certain level in corporations†. Although the idea of a glass ceiling is widespread, there has beenRead MoreWomen in Management1909 Words   |  8 Pagesdescribe this situation has been called the Glass Ceiling, by definition an invisible but real barrier founded on attitudinal or organizational bias in the workforce that prevents minorities and women from advancing to leadership positions. This paper gives an overview of the principal reasons for this behavior based on previous studies, analyzes some approaches to handle them as well as possible actions that allow women and other minorities smash the glass-ceiling effects, and finally, it suggests someRead MoreEssay about Fiction Writing1250 Words   |  5 Pages lonely. A spacious room, very feminine, it carried a sweet musky flowery scent; produced by a small garland of red and black roses entwined together like a grape vine. The entire room created a strange warm feeling. The small glass brick window-opaque, allowed a sufficient amount of light through it. Light however was not a problem. A ferocious red fire blazed in a massive fireplace straight ahead of me, the dangerous flames filled the room with certain warmth, theRead MoreThe Time Of A Traditional Family1842 Words   |  8 Pagesgendered division of labor, second shift, glass ceiling, and many more are still prominent in society. Sheryl Sandberg, in her book, Lean In: Women, Work, and the Will to Lead, and in a Ted talk argues about all the issues women face and how women do not insist on their fair share in the home or working community. Sandberg discusses in her Ted talk that women are not making it to the top of any profession in the world, which is a cause of the â€Å"glass ceiling† that is created in society, where woman

College Essay Unusual Circumstance free essay sample

It was painful, like an arrow shot in the dark. Although you cant see it, you can feel it coming for you know its inevitable, silently traveling through the shadowy night, and once it strikes you, a scream of anguish is your only release. I was only a young girl when it happened: and that arrow sunk deep. Eventually time healed the wound as it does to all things, but that little silver scar still remains. Its grown sensitive, and not something that Id usually tell anyone, but I figure now is the time to open up; to finally release all the pent up memories: the anger, the sadness, the depression. Promise me youll remember this though: that although time heals all wounds, your mind can still remain in tact, and trust me, memories are just as painful. Divorce. Its something that so many children go through now a days, and it happens so often that its become a normal thing to this society. We will write a custom essay sample on College Essay: Unusual Circumstance or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page I was only 9 when my parents told me the news. What would I do without my father? Things would never be the same. Yet all I can remember was the tears running down my face, crying so intensely that I was eventually rendered breathless: all the while these terrible thoughts were racing through my mind. I could hear this little vindictive voice, hissing, you knew this was going to happen. You saw the signs, you knew. . You knew. I did know, but I also knew, through my tear-welled eyes, knotted throat and breathless cries, that it was probably for the best. Before they told me, I had noticed some things were amiss in the house. My father never touched my mother anymore, and my mom didnt ever talk to him at all either. We were always out of the house, because when we were home all they did was ignore each other and argue every now and then: things were distant. My mom started hanging out with her friend more often, and eventually they fell for each other. It was time. Thats when they to ld me they were filing for divorce. It was so complicated: all these things that were happening. Packing up all my belongings, my little brother and I parted ways with our father, later moving in with my mom and her girlfriend. I didnt know how to handle this. I liked my moms partner, for we had all been good friends for a long time now, and I was best friends with her four children, but it wasnt the same. I was still too young to fully understand the situation. About two years later, we moved into another house way across town. It was my freshman year, I attended a new school, and I left all my old friends behind: the people that supported me throughout everything were now gone. I felt lonely, and I didnt know what was going to be happening with my new family. It was good, however, and I knew that I was happy with them. Yet I still couldnt get this feeling of emptiness out of my mind. I became depressed; I didnt want to talk to anyone, I didnt want to have friends, I just wanted to be done with school so I could find something better to do. I was a good kid; I attended the higher placement classes, maintained straight As, and yet, I still felt empty, unaccomplished with myself; a deviant. I started doing things to my body, harming myself because of these disturbing thoughts that ran through my head. Youre not good enough. What are you even doing with yourself; you have no real purpose here. Youre so alone and nobody cares, you see? I was s cared, scared of myself, terrified of these thoughts that wildly set themselves free. I didnt want to be alone, I never liked the feeling. I just didnt know what was so wrong with me that I would do and think these morbid things, however, I knew that it needed to stop immediately, I just needed help, but I couldnt do it on my own. I found friends, or I should say, friends found me: ones that I still have and love entirely to this very day. They knew what I was into at the time, and they were able to pull me out of it. They made me smile, they made me laugh, and most of all, they made me happy. I was finally able to stop feeling so empty all the time, and that was such a good feeling. I began to look brighter, cheerful, and I started to set myself straight once and for all. I worked even harder in my classes, and maintained an above average GPA. By opening up, I made even more friends, and I realized how much I was missing out by being so antisocial and gloomy all the time. Life itself had been slipping through my fingers: I hadnt realized how gorgeous it truly was. Once I was able to pick myself up completely from my pit of agony and dust myself off, I knew it was time that I found something to work for. I needed to know what I wanted to be when I got older; what I had planned for myself in the near future. Finally, I decided to start pursuing something that I had been interested in for a while: cosmetology. Around the same age that everything started happening, I had become captivated in this world of cosmetology. Coloring hair was the most captivating. So captivating that my hair had been every shade in the rainbow – all at once, even! During my sophomore year I was notified about a program that, through the use of your high school, offered free beauty school classes – perfect. I set these goals for myself: to maintain my straight As, to graduate both from beauty school and high school, and to attend college for entrepreneurship classes so that I could start my own salon business. Attending cosmetology school is like having a j ob, except you only can receive tips. We work in a salon of our own, and we have to go there Monday through Friday from 1:00 pm – 6:00 pm: so I had to have my high school schedule altered so that I could attend on time. Its neat, too, because with cosmetology school, they have you do community service hours, so we do fundraisers like March of Dimes and things like that. Its great that way too, because, since mostly all of my time is taken up by cosmetology school and high school, I can still get my community service done. And although my time is so limited, Ive been able to keep up with my personal goals: and Im actually quite proud of myself and where I stand today. Im sure that if it hadnt been for those friends: those people that I hold dear to me, till this very day I would probably be the same way that I had been. I wouldve eventually broken down completely, forgetting about the world and all of its nonsensical chaos. My sea of despair would have my corpse floating upon it, feeding me these awful thoughts about everything; and yet, it isnt. I feel like Ive become a whole new person: my outlook on this world has changed entirely and Ive found new meaning for myself: a purpose. I have set goals, created dreams and aspirations, and I can not wait to see the day when I accomplish them: Im fighting so hard already. On another note, I love my family, all of them, so much, through thick and thin, and I do believe, with all my heart, that there couldnt have been a better choice for my mother. Shes so happy now, and although I cant quite say the same thing for my father, I think it was better for him too. We havent lost connection completely either, me and my brother visit him and stay at his house every other weekend. So things have been going well for me now, and I can finally say that yes, even though Ive been put through so much, I can still smile, and I can still be happy. Its the best thing that could ever happen: to finally achieve this desired happiness. Before you can do something; before you can have the heart to pursue your dreams, you must be happy, and you must be committed, for your happiness and well being comes first and foremost, and thats what I have been able to learn from my past, and I will never, ever forget it.

Soccer In Radge Essays - RCD Espanyol, Ral Tamudo, Sarri Stadium

Soccer In Radge Espanyol capped its centenary celebrations by winning the Spanish Cup with a 2-1 victory over Atletico Madrid on Saturday. One of the cheekiest goals seen in Spain all season gave the Barcelona club an ideal start after just two minutes. Atletico goalkeeper Toni Jimenez -- who moved to the club from Espanyol last summer -- saved a shot by Toni Velamazan and was bouncing the ball in front of him, ready to boot it upfield. But then Raul Tamudo nipped in unseen, headed the ball away from Jimenez and beat his former team mate in a sprint across the face of the goal, turning the ball in from an narrow angle out on the left. Sergio Gonzalez hit Espanyol's second goal five minutes from time to ensure the club won its first honor for 60 years Jimmy Floyd Hasselbaink pulled one back for Atletico a minute into injury time, and Espanyol endured an anxious couple of minutes as the clocked ticked away, but it was too little too late. Espanyol ecstasy For Espanyol supporters, it brought a huge smile to their faces after a decade of despair. They were relegated twice during the 1990s and even had to sell their ground -- the historic Sarria stadium -- in 1997 to solve a cash crisis. However Espanyol's veteran defender Nando Munoz put the emotions of all those involved with the club into words. "This might be the greatest day in the history of Espanyol. This is for all those fans and everyone else who can remember the bad times -- all those dire moments," Nando said. Nando had recovered enough breath to speak to Spanish to reporters because he had been given his marching orders 13 minutes from time after picking up two yellow cards in quick succession while Espanyol fought to contain a second half Atletico comeback. Atletico attack The first half belonged to Espanyol, with Tamudo and Velamazan causing plenty of problems for the Atletico defenders and Moises Arteaga slicing through the middle, but the second period saw Atletico strive for an equalizer. Hasselbaink was a constant threat, although Espanyol defenders did a good job of soaking up the pressure, and his closest efforts came from edge-of-the-area free kicks. After Nando left the field, Espanyol looked briefly in trouble, but both teams ended the match with 10 men after former Spanish international defender Santi Denia lost control completely seven minutes from time. Denia scythed down Manuel Serrano from the rear and then headbutted Toni Velamazan. Sergio's clincher came two minutes later. Tears He controlled a long, speculative, ball forward with his head and then blasted the half-volley past the hapless Jimenez, who left the field inconsolable. "Football just isn't fair," Jimenez wailed, with tears streaming down his face. Jimenez was not the only Atletico player to leave the field with moist eyes. The cup final defeat, their second in successive years after losing 3-0 to Valencia last year, brought an end to one of the worst season's in club history. Atletico was relegated and will spend next season in the Spanish second division for the first time since 1934. A damaging government investigation into the club finances also left the club badly demoralized on and off the field. The cup final is likely to be the last match that many players, including Hasselbaink, have in an Atletico jersey, with a massive exodus anticipated.

Music has no Language Barrier Essay Example

Music has no Language Barrier Essay Example Music has no Language Barrier Essay Music has no Language Barrier Essay Music has no Language Barrier We all now know that Korean pop music is dominating the music industry these days. Many haters says that international fans cant even understand what they are saying, for all they know, they night be cursing the fans without them knowing It. Believe me, I have met many people, in reality or online, who hates Korean Music. But Is It wrong to love them without knowing their mother tongue? I think there are only 1/3 people who are open minded and the other 2/3 are all close minded people. I mean, male call the male Idols gays. Dont they Just feel Insecure because the male Idols are too handsome and not to mention talented? And when a male Like Korean Music people would judge him as gays, well think bonbons are the ones who have lots of courage because they dont care what other people thinks, Its what they Like so no one has the right to Judge them. Sure, I will admit that their are Korean Fans would go crazy and chase their idols around the town of Seoul but it only shows that they love them deeply that they want to make their idols notice them. Just like in one of the anises I have watched. The protagonist would go around saying Sensei, please notice me! I think its like that. From what I have seen people who love Korean music tends to be more picky in picking the people who they want to have a relationship with. Because they want that specific person to have the criteria to be Just like their idol. Music has no language barrier. If you like the music then listen to it. If you want to understand what they are saying learn the language. Idols do learn other language so that they communicate with their fans. So Just like that learn the language and you can communicate with your idol online or in reality.

The Renaissance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Renaissance - Essay Example A close examination of our American technology and our institutions will find many similarities that had their origin in the roots of the Italian Renaissance. Prior to the Renaissance, almost all technical knowledge of science was outside the reach of the average person. It had been the sole property of the church and the elite and was available only through universities. A major technical innovation of the Renaissance period was its placing knowledge in the hands of the ordinary person. According to Thomas Carlyle in Sartor Resartus published in 1833, "He who first shortened the labor of copyists by device of movable types was disbanding hired armies [...] creating a whole new democratic world" (cited in Kreis). The invention of the printing press in 1440 gave the general public the access to knowledge and philosophy. The first bible was printed in 1452 gave the ordinary man regular access to the text and had a lasting effect on religion. Spurred by classical philosophy, religion turned from the worship of the abstract towards the morality of man (Anesi). This brought new thought to religion and brought about the Reformation and altered the Christian religion forever. Leonardo Da Vinci was one of the greatest technical innovators of the Renaissance and he is often thought of as the father of engineering. However, Da Vinci was joined by others such as Filippo Brunelleschi, Mariano di Iacopo, and Francesco di Giorgio to spearhead an artist-engineer revolution (Bjerklie, 1). Their ideas were the basis of major changes in agricultural equipment and improvement in land management. One example was the heavy- wheeled plow and the horse harness and stirrup that allowed the ground to be worked on a more massive scale. This began the basis of large industrial crop farming and allowed the farmers to relocate to the industrial centers of commerce. This modernized agriculture and paved the way for the coming Industrial Revolution. As people were moving from an agricultural based economy made possible by the new agricultural methods, trade was becoming more important. The newly developing nation-states required trading partners outside their own borders. Optics made a significant contribution to worldwide navigation during the Renaissance period. The science of optics was treasured by Kings as a method required for exploration, trade, and dominance. For example, in April 1541 an Italian offered a telescopic device to Henry VIII. "The French ambassador in London reported that 'there is an Italian here, aged about 70 years, who has shown this king that he would make a mirror and place it on top of Dover castle, in which mirror could be seen all ships that leave Dieppe'" (Dupre, 19). This may have been the description of the reflecting telescope that has become the mainstay of today's science of optics. Improved navigation aids and the evolving telescope made worldwide navigation, exploration, and trade a reality. The Renaissance spirit of exploration also opened up curiosity to the other fields of science. Science of the Renaissance stressed observance and more importance began being placed on methodology and experimentation. It valued experience over abstract thought. The Renaissance is credited with being the era of the creation of the scientific method. The

Development News Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Development News - Essay Example However, in the arena of development news there exists a deep North-South schism. Hence, the concept of development news needs to be understood and defined in a historical context. Since years, it has been evinced by the editorial authorities governing the Western media that they do not have any model editorial policies and per se they do not issue any policy directives to their correspondents (Aggarwala 180). However, any type of media is eventually aimed at a particular reader pool, and the Western media being primarily consumed by the Western readers, it would not be wrong to believe that the Western scribe cover and shape a news story, even if it originates from the underdeveloped or developing world, keeping the Western readers in mind (Aggarwala 180). Hence, any discussion or attempt aimed at understanding the concept of development news must subscribe to the ambit of the incumbent North-South divide. Ideally speaking, development news is the news that tends to cover developmen t issues affiliated to macro or macro origins, which reports, assesses and examines the impact of varied development activities and programs with regards to domestic and national development objectives and needs, the parities that exist as to how a development program is envisaged and its pragmatic outcomes, and the variance between its net impact on human welfare and what a government claims to be its achievements (Cottle 107). Yet, going by the fact that in its conceptualization and treatment, the development news does not much differ from the regular news, hence, it is open to accruing different interpretations at local and international level (Cottle 107). As already said that development news in its treatment and conceptualization does not differ much from the mainstream news, hence as is practically evident from the mainstream news, the development news can certainly evince a marked ideological and political tilt, depending on the geo-political origins of the scribes and publi shing institutions covering a development news story. Also, a natural premise flowing out from such credentials of the concept of development news is that it is always subject to a normatively influenced interpretation and criticism (Cottle 108). Generally speaking, in the past, and particularly in the contemporary age open to new media, there exist wide imbalances between the flows of information in varied parts of the world. So development news by its very nature will always stand to be a controversial concept in journalism, going by the shifting academic and political stances pertaining to the notions of ‘development’ (Cottle 108). Hence, the local and global biases that the journalists associated with the coverage of mainstream new, could also infiltrate and seep in into the coverage of development news. Once this fact is accepted that the mainstream scribes and the journalists that cover the development news are almost open to very similar biases, opinions, temptat ions and tilts, it will be apt to agree that there exist varied types of development news journalism. In journalistic context, development news pertains to investigative reporting with its focus on the international and national projects and programs initiated in the developing nations and their influence on the quality of life and socio-economic well being of the masses (Aggarwala 181). Hence, like mainstream journalism, development journalism is subject to very similar ethical and professional ideals and constraints. Development journalists like mainstream journalists need to be unbiased, factual and rational in the coverage of development news. However, this pertains to an ideal scenario. In a practical context, quite like mainstream journalism, many development journ

Group Dynamics Paper Essay Example for Free

Group Dynamics Paper Essay A group is the interaction of two or more independent people, usually working together to achieve a goal. This group consists of 12 angry men, put together as a jury. Their goal to decide if the defendant is guilty or not guilty. Since these men did not choose to be put together, and had no prior association with one another before placement into this selected group, various contrasting personalities that both support and clash are working toward this goal of finding the defendant unanimously guilty or not guilty as a final verdict for the court. Such contrasts of personality creates a conflicting atmosphere in the courtroom. Such dynamic interactions are what makes the group development interesting. Group Development Problems Throughout the movie a group development occurs where jurors question their vote due to the persuasion of other group members as new ways of looking at the facts or emotions of the case are analyzed amongst the group or by inner, silent thinking of the individual jurors. Group development is the changes that occur in the group from first meeting to coming up with an unanimous verdict (the conclusion). Much emotion and development of thinking occurs as time proceeds and the jurors individual thinking is challenged. This is the development of what will create a final, more thought out decision of the group. Character Roles Roles are the titles that distinguish members of a group from one another. All members of this group are jury members. Although each jury member has an equal role not all jury members are created equal. This inequality is based on characters perceptions and attraction(likes and dislikes) for other each other due to the other characters personality. An example is that the meek, quiet guy is disliked because he seems nervous, lacking the assertiveness the group sees as a norm of how jury members should be. So jury members see him as an insignificant jury member due to his personality. Roles come into the film such as the designated foreman (jury member 1) specifically. Based on characterization, you can label personalities such as the meek, the old man, the baseball fanatic, etc. This gives a name to who the individual is. This description is apart from the goals of the group, but should be considered because these personalities are influential to how characters choose to vote. The meek man is easily persuaded. The old man is calm and logical and the baseball fanatic wants to just get out of there because there is a baseball game. Further than we can expand on the personalities of characters by dividing similar groups into the blue collar jurors vs. white color jurors. The white collar group tend to be more analytic about their decisions; whereas, the blue collar workers tend to be more argumentative with a lack of analysis on the subject matter. These characters we see have motives and backgrounds that will influence their arguments for the vote of guilty or not guilty and in turn act as a role of a persuader to other jury members of contrasting or similar personalities. Depending upon the perceiver and their character they will be persuaded or not persuaded. Socio-emotional vs. Task vs. Individual Roles Roles can also be divided into three types of interactions based on the communicating style of the individual group member. Socio-emotional roles are those in which the person is consider with the emotions of other group members and mediating them to achieve favorable or peaceful interactions in the group. I did not see a juror that was concerned with emotions to the extent this role would require to mediate other jurors emotions and thus keep the group cohesively working together. The meek man seems emotionally but he is not assertive enough to speak strongly and bind together the rest of the jurors into caring about other jurors emotions. Since the movie lacks a juror that clearly or even somewhat takes the task of the socio-emotional role, this may be why the group has a lot of conflict in reaching their unanimous, group decision. Task roles are those in which in the person is concerned with the task at hand and how it will be executed (and not emotions of individuals). Their job is to get the job done efficiently and well done. The foreman, juror 1, who sits at the front of the table, taking votes and mediating the procedures would be considered the juror most concerned with the task orientation of the group. For the most part, he speaks without emotion toward wither side and typically talks about proceeding with votes, and does not typically get into the emotion aspect of the trail. Socio-emotional roles and task roles are important for the group to achieve getting the job done and keeping individual members happy. Another role exists independently called the Individual role. This role may or may not occur in a group. The Individual role is the person who does not really care about other s but rather only themselves in the group. The baseball fan should be considered the person who follows the individual role. He does not seems to care about listening to facts about the defendant. He sees it the jury process as a waste of time when he could be doing something he enjoys, watching baseball. Group Norms Expectations Group norms are expectations or standards of activities and behaviors that should or should not occur in the group. The group expects to deliver an unanimous vote of guilty or not guilty to the defendant. Time of debate is a problem for this group. Some members expect an immediate decision, such as the baseball player who wants to get to his game, and others expect a more thought out decision. Since a sentencing of guilty would send the defendant to the electric chair, some jurors feel that a longer than immediate debate should be pursued. So, varying individual expectations of group norms creates a conflict of expectations for the group as to how it will proceed with finding the goal of the verdict. Every individual cannot be pleased as to how the proceedings will go, how long they will take, etc. We see this when jurors that want to get out of there, the court become frustrated because what they expect (leaving) is not quickly what they get (staying longer to discuss the case). Sociometry the Sociogram Sociometry is a measurement technique that summarizes graphically and mathematically patterns of intermeber relations. An example is the attraction or liking principle in groups. The sociogram is the graphical representation of the patterns of intermember relations created through sociometry. An example of this is a graphical representation of who likes whom within the jury in 12 Angry Men. It shows who is least liked to who is most liked. Also, cliches may occur, which are a group that likes each other the most and are more similar or share more homophily than the overall large group. The cliches are the blue collars as one cliche and the white collars as another cliche. They share a similarity of a working class bracket that is more similar in lifestyle to each other that helps them relate to one another which is considered homophily, than as a whole as jurors, to which they are more different from each other. Below is a depiction of what can be analyzed of a sociogram of this jury group: SOCIOGRAM Blue Collars like. Blue Collars White Collars.. like.. White Collars Reject. Meek Man(he is not liked by anyone and thus not listened to not influential) Most Respected (so maybe most liked). the old man. (some blue and some white collars like him) Social Influence: conformity Social influence is interpersonal processes that change the thoughts, feelings, or behaviors of another person. In the movie, 12 Angry Men, the jurors who think the defendant is guilty are trying to persuade or change the feelings of the jurors who think he is not guilty. They are using social influence to try and change their minds. To be more specific, we consider different types of social influence. These types include concepts about conformity, majority influence, and minority influence. Conformity is a change in behavior or belief as a result of real or imagined group pressure. The first preliminary vote by the jury yields an 11 to 1 vote in favor of guilty. Why was this? Was this because most of the jury members thought he was guilty from the beginning, and people who were undecided felt they should vote guilty because of imagined group pressure? Most of the jurors when asked why they voted the way they did said; they were just sure he was guilty, or because the evidence points right to him. This may be true for some of the jurors, but most, perhaps unconsciously, felt pressure to conform to what others were saying. Juror number 8 is the one and only juror that voted not guilty. Henry Fonda plays juror number 8 in the movie. He is in his middle 30s, average size, short dark hair, and is an architect. Juror number 8 felt all the other jurors voted guilty without even thinking about their decisions, juror #8 suggested that they talk about it before jumping to conclusions. Even when some of the other jurors got mad and started yelling at him, he stayed calm and tried to work things out in a mature fashion. When asked if he thought the boy was guilty or not guilty, he said, I dont know. This shows that he had not decided one way or the other. When asked why he voted this way, he replied, Its not easy for me to raise my hand and send a boy off to die without talking about it first. This shows that he wanted to talk things over with the other jurors before he makes a decision. He wasnt going to conform to the group so easy. Social Influence: minority influence This is a case of a minority influence going up against the majority influence. Juror number 8 was not sure the boy was guilty, so he decided to go against the majority opinion, and thus not conform to group pressures. Juror number 8 is a minority among the jury. He wanted to go over the murder and all the evidence again before changing his vote. Most of the jurors said they just felt he was guilty based on the fact the a woman across the street said she saw the murder and the old man, who lived above the apartment that the murder took place, said he made it to the door just in time to see the murderer running down the stairs. Both witnesses identified the defendant as the murderer. Juror #8 brought up possible flaws in each of these as they were stated. For example, he questioned whether the woman could really see the murderer through a passing train in the middle of the night. Juror #8 didnt deny that the woman might have seen the murder and murderer, but thought it might be good to go back over the evidence and make sure they were sending the right man to death. Once the jury went around the table, juror #8 said he would change his vote to guilty if no one changed their vote to not guilty. There was one juror that changed his vote. Juror #9 changed his vote giving Juror #8 more time to talk about the case. Juror #9 said, He gambled for support and I gave it to him. I want to hear more. By convincing one person to change their vote, it forced everybody to listen to more arguments, and possibly change their thinking on the case. There means now there is some social support for juror #8. Social support is defined as emotional support, advice, guidance, and tangible assistance given to others when they experience stress, daily hassles, and more significant life crises. Obviously this was stressful situation and if he had no one back him up, juror #8 would probably fail in his attempt to influence the majority. Its a lot easier to try and influence a majority when you are not alone in the fight, there needs to be social support. Now that there is some social support, juror number 8 feels a little less pressure and is now able to continue with his argument. Juror #8 re-enacted scenes from the night of the murder in order to prove his points. The first time Juror #8 re-enacted a scene was when he proves that the old man could not have walked from his bedroom to the hallway in fifteen seconds. He did this by measuring how far his bedroom was from he hallway, and then walking it himself. It took him thirty-one seconds, making it impossible for the old man to have made it in fifteen, like he testified. By doing this re-enactment, he changed the minds of several other jurors. The minority influence had finally started to have success. Tactics for a successful minority To have success as a minority, as juror #8 appeared to have, a number of tactics must be used in order to influence a majority. These tactics include challenging the majority norm, having consistency, being patient, have rigidity, and bring about divergent thinking. First and foremost, the minority must challenge the majority opinion. If you dont stand up and challenge the majority you will never be heard. When juror #8 votes not guilty he has challenged the majority. The second step is to have a consistent message. In this case juror #8 says he is uncertain the defendant is guilty and wants to go over the evidence again, and hes not changing his vote until they do so. He wants the majority to convince him the defendants guilty. With consistency comes patience. The minority must give it time for their message to be heard and for any influence to occur. Juror #8 is going to stay and talk about the evidence as long as it takes. He is going to stay until the majority changes his mind, or until the minority changes their mind. The minority wants to be consistent and patient, but they want to avoid being rigid. You want to be firm, but you dont want to just say no to everything and be stubborn. You dont want to make yourself look like a jerk, because if you were perceived that way you probably wont have much influence. You want people to like you; this helps you persuade the majority. Juror #8 does an excellent job of not getting mad and staying calm even when the majority is yelling at him. He is a very likable, patient, and mature man and this really helps him influence the majority. Convergent thinking occurs when a person gathers facts, evidence, or experiences from a variety of sources to solve a problem. The result is one answer that hopefully is correct. Majorities seem to possess this kind of thinking, as is the case with 12 Angry Men. The majority members in the jury focused only on the testimony given by the witnesses. They did not consider any possible other alternatives. When it came to the witnesses, their testimonies were undoubtedly right and there was no reason to consider anything else about it. Divergent thinking occurs when we start with a problem and rather than look for one answer, we instead generate many ideas or possible solutions. The minority influence grew in support as the movie went on because members of the jury started to use divergent thinking when considering the trial. Instead of being focused on only one solution, they were considering other possibilities that could have explained what happened the night of the murder. When the jury considers the woman across the street that says she saw the boy kill his father, convergent thinkers assume everything is accurate in her testimony, because there is no other solution in their minds. What juror number 8 does is help the jury see another side to the story. Could the woman see the murder through a moving train at night when she was in bed? Convergent thinkers would say absolutely, while divergent thinkers would consider other possible scenarios. Juror #8 just wanted everyone to think about any other possibilities. In this case, the divergent thinkers noticed that she wore eyeglasses by the indentations on the sides of her nose. They then think about the fact that most people dont go to sleep with their glasses on. So they wonder how the woman could have accurately seen the murder and murderer. Maybe she did see the murder perfectly, but now there is some reasonable doubt.